Monoclonal antibodies revolutionized medicine by introducing a range of targeted therapies against malignant diseases, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and many others. They are engineered from a single clone of cells to bind to antigens with very high precision. This article presents the underlying science behind monoclonal antibodies, including their applications, […]
Centrifugation is a technique used to separate cells, filter viral particles, precipitate DNA, and detect minute variations in molecular conformation.
![Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) – Overview [PDF]](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI2NDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMzYwIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIj48YW5pbWF0ZSBhdHRyaWJ1dGVOYW1lPSJmaWxsIiB2YWx1ZXM9InJnYmEoMTUzLDE1MywxNTMsMC41KTtyZ2JhKDE1MywxNTMsMTUzLDAuMSk7cmdiYSgxNTMsMTUzLDE1MywwLjUpIiBkdXI9IjJzIiByZXBlYXRDb3VudD0iaW5kZWZpbml0ZSIgLz48L3JlY3Q+PC9zdmc+)
GLP is a formal regulation created by the USFDA as these regulations were proposed on November 19, 1976, and designated as a new part of Chapter 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) as 21 CFR Part 58 in 1979. In 1981 an organization named OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) produced GLP principles that are international standards.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism PCR is a PCR-based tool used in genetics research, DNA fingerprinting and in the practice of genetic engineering. In short, AFLP is an intermediate stage between RFLP and PCR.
The powerful analytical method, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is employed in many scientific disciplines, including chemistry, pharmacology, biochemistry, and environmental studies.
The basis of the randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique is differential PCR amplification of genomic DNA. It uses short random oligonucleotide sequences (usually 10 bases long) to infer DNA polymorphisms caused by “rearrangements or deletions at or between oligonucleotide primer binding sites in the genome.”
Restriction fragment length polymorphism markers were the first DNA-based genetic markers developed. The size of eukaryotic genomes hindered a simple identification of genetic variations in specific genes or sequences. The capability of complementary base pairing to reveal polymorphisms in sequences homologous to the probe enabled the development of methods to […]
Sanger sequencing, the primary approach of DNA sequencing since its inception in the 1970s, was used to complete the sequencing of the human genome in 2003. The need for rapid, cost-effective, and reliable analysis of vast amounts of genomic DNA is driving a massive increase in the demand […]
Transcription is the process by which the genetic information stored in DNA is copied into RNA. This process is essential for the expression of genes and the synthesis of proteins. Transcription occurs differently in eukaryotes and prokaryotes due to differences in the organization of their genetic material. Transcription in Prokaryotes […]
![Replication in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes – Explained [PDF]](data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHdpZHRoPSI2NDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMjUxIj48cmVjdCB3aWR0aD0iMTAwJSIgaGVpZ2h0PSIxMDAlIj48YW5pbWF0ZSBhdHRyaWJ1dGVOYW1lPSJmaWxsIiB2YWx1ZXM9InJnYmEoMTUzLDE1MywxNTMsMC41KTtyZ2JhKDE1MywxNTMsMTUzLDAuMSk7cmdiYSgxNTMsMTUzLDE1MywwLjUpIiBkdXI9IjJzIiByZXBlYXRDb3VudD0iaW5kZWZpbml0ZSIgLz48L3JlY3Q+PC9zdmc+)
Replication is the process by which a cell duplicates its genetic material to pass on to its daughter cells during cell division. The replication process is different in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, which are two distinct types of cells. Read more about Introduction to Molecular Biology In prokaryotes, such […]
